To determine the most appropriate method of weed management in conventional row and ultra narrow row spacings of cotton, a factorial experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Sabzevar in 2015-2016. Factors under study were plant spacings in two levels, conventional (70 cm row spacing) and ultra-narrow row (20 cm row spacing) and weed management in six levels: without controlling of weeds (control), application of herbicide at recommended dose of Ethalfluralin (Treflan 48% EC) at 1160 g/ai ha), application of herbicide at 50% recommended dose + hand weeding at 45 days after emergence (DAE), application of herbicide at 50% recommended dose + two times hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAE, three times hand weeding at 30, 45 and 60 DAE, and full weed free condition. The results showed that traits like weed density, by 33. 71 percent, lateral branches by 14. 77 percent, number of bolls per plant by 16. 88 percent, and boll weight by 12. 30 percent were lower in narrow row spacing, while seed cotton yield by 39. 85 percent and fiber yield by 23. 71 percent higher, as compared to, conventional row spacing. In the conventional cultivation system, if 50% of the herbicide dose is reduced, it needs two hands weeding at 30 and 60 DAE,while in ultra-narrow row spacing condition, with a 50% reduction in the recommended herbicide dose, one hand weeding at 45 DAE is needed to achieve suitable seed cotton yield. As a whole, the results showed that, under ultra-narrow row spacing, with a 50% reduction in herbicide dose and reduced weed control times (only one hand weeding at 45 DAE) it can be obtained seed cotton yield similar to other control treatments.

Management practices can affect the yield, maturity, and fiber quality of cotton. One practice used to increase yield has been to adjust the spacing between cotton rows. Typically cotton is planted in row spaced 70-100 cm apart. Ultra narrow row cotton production has been proposed as an economical means to increase yields and reduce production costs. A field study was conducted to assess the effects of ultra-narrow row (20 cm-UNR) and conventional row (80 cm-CR) production systems on canopy closure, yield, and fiber quality at three commercial cotton cultivars (Golestan, Sahel, and Sepid) at Gorgan in 2011. Results showed that cotton canopy closure more occurred rapidly in 20 cm rows compared to 80 cm rows (about 18 to 36 days earlier). Cotton in 20 cm rows was produced more yield than cotton in 80 cm rows. The yield increase in 20 cm rows was a result of increase in the number of boll production per unit area and increase radiation interception by canopy. No conclusive differences for fiber quality could be ascertained between in 20 cm and 80 cm rows. A higher yield in UNR compared to CR indicated that UNR system is an agronomic feasible option for farmers.

Let Mm, nMm, n be the set of all mm-by-nn real matrices. A matrix RR in Mm, nMm, n with nonnegative entries is called strictly sub row stochastic if the sum of entries on every row of RR is less than 1. For A, B∈ Mm, nA, B∈ Mm, n, we say that AA is strictly sub row Hadamard majorized by BB (denoted by A≺ SHB)A≺ SHB) if there exists an mm-by-nn strictly sub row stochastic matrix RR such that A=R∘ BA=R∘ B where X∘ YX∘ Y is the Hadamard product (entrywise product) of matrices X, Y∈ Mm, nX, Y∈ Mm, n. In this paper, we introduce the concept of strictly sub row Hadamard majorization as a relation on Mm, nMm, n. Also, we find the structure of all linear operators T: Mm, n→ Mm, nT: Mm, n→ Mm, n which are preservers (resp. strong preservers) of strictly sub row Hadamard majorization.

Barley has two types of two-row and six-row with different characteristics, therefore due to different climatic conditions and different uses of this crop, better identification of these characteristics will lead to proper use of them. In this research, 707 barley genotypes including 210 two-row and 497 six-row barleies were selected from the germplasm collection of the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran and were evaluated in the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj. The phenological, morphological and agronomic traits were recorded. According to the climatic characteristics of the origin of each genotype and the Gosan Xerotermic coefficient, genotypes were classified into four climatic groups. Results of one-way analysis of variance and mean comparison of evaluated traits indicated that, the two-row barley had a shorter vegetative period and reproductive growth, and had early maturity than the six rows. The average weight of 100 seeds in two-row barley genotypes was significantly higher than the six-row, which appears to be due to smaller seedlings of lateral florets in the six-row genotypes. The overall results showed that spike type in barley effects on morphological, agronomic and phonological traits of the crop and is related to climatic condition of origin, so, it seems that the type of spike like all other traits, has evolved to adapt to the climate of the plant's habitat.

The opening line should be seen as a kind of repetition that is abundant in the poetry of traditional and contemporary poets. This kind of repetition, which occurs at the beginning of the verses of the poem, is seen in the poetry of traditional poets, from the same primitive poets as Manouchehri, NaserKhosrow and other poets. However, in the poetry of some poets, such as Sanai, Khaghani, and Shams Moulana's lyric poems, it is more common. In the poetry of contemporary poets, who lack the usual weight, rhyme, and row, these lines are more common. In the poetry of poets such as ForoughFarrokhzad and Ahmad Shamloo, these lines have a higher frequency than poets such as NimaYoshij, Mehdi Akhavan Sales, SohrabSepehri. There are initial lines in different forms and it can be found at the level of syllables, words, sentences and quasi-sentences in the poetry of contemporary and traditional poets. The main purpose of the opening line should be considered its musical aspect. In addition, it is sometimes repeated for other purposes in poetry, such as highlighting, emphasizing the poets in order to convey specific meanings to the audience, and creating coherence in the composition and content of the poem. Sometimes the first line is interpretive and is used as a tool to explain, further explain and clarify the poet's intent, as if the poet intends to explain and convey something to the audience that achieves this goal by repeating a word or phrase. . Other goals and objectives can be seen in these lines. This article seeks to comprehensively address the initial lines in the poetry of prominent traditional poets and modern Persian poets.

This experiment was conducted in 2000 at Lordegan experimental station in Shahrekord. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design with three replications. Three levels of row speacing (35, 50, 60 cm) as the main plot and three levels of plant distances (5, 10, 15 cm) as the sub plot. Plant density was between 111000 until 570000 plants per hectare. Each plot included five rows ten meter long. The mean of pod number in row spacing and plant distances increased as plant density decreased. The pod dry weight was significantly affected by row and plant spacing at 1% level, however, their interaction was not significant. row spacing and row spacing x plant distance had not significant effect on number of seeds in pods but plant spacing had significant effect at I% level on this traits. row and plant spacing affected the 100 seed weight. The effect of row spacing and plant distances and their interactions on seed yield was significant at 1% level. The highest yield (5562.53 kg/ha) was harvested at 50 ×10 (cm) with 200000 plant per hectare and the lowest yield (3726. 1 kg/ha) at 60 ×15( cm) with 111000 plant per hectare.      

In order to determine the effects of narrow row spacing on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), an experiment was conducted in Khomein National Bean Research Station for two years (1998-1999) as split block design in randomized complete block with three replications. Three bean genotypes (C.O.S-16, Akhtar, WA4502-1) in verticl plots and four row spacings (50, 37.5, 25,18.75 cm) in horizontal plots were studied. Combined analysis of variance of experiment revealed that genotypes had significant differences in plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, pod filling period, 100-seed weight and grain yield. C.O.S-16 had the highest plant height. Furthermore, this genotype had greater growth period than the others. Mean grain yield of spotted bean (C.O.S-16), red bean (Akhtar), and white bean (WA 4502-1) were 2569, 3050, and 2230 kg/ha, respectively. row spacing significantly influenced the traits of days to flowering, days to maturity, pod filling period, 100-seed weight and grain yield. The greatest grain yield, up to 2971 kg/ha, was obtained from 37.5 cm row space.

Let MnMn be the set of all nn-by-nn real matrices, and let RnRn be the set of all nn-by-11 real (column) vectors. An nn-by-nn matrix R=[rij]R=[rij] with nonnegative entries is called row stochastic, if ∑ nk=1rik∑ k=1nrik is equal to 1 for all ii, (1≤ i≤ n)(1≤ i≤ n). In fact, Re=eRe=e, where e=(1, … , 1)t∈ Rne=(1, … , 1)t∈ Rn. A matrix R∈ MnR∈ Mn is called integral row stochastic, if each row has exactly one nonzero entry, +1+1, and other entries are zero. In the present paper, we provide an algorithm for constructing integral row stochastic matrices, and also we show the relationship between this algorithm and majorization theory.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of planting layout on sugar beet water use efficiency in a silty loam soil in Kabootar Abad research station in Esfahan, during 1999 to 2000. The treatments were as following:1-Single rows 50 cm apart; all furrows irrigated.2-Single rows 50 cm apart; alternate furrows irrigated.3-Single rows 60 cm apart; all furrows irrigated.4-Single rows 60 cm apart; alternate furrows irrigated.5-Variable spacing rows; 40 cm apart on each broad planting bed and 50 cm apart on each side of the furrow.6-Variable spacing rows; 40 cm apart on each broad planting bed and 60 cm apart on each side of the furrow.The results indicated that the most and the least amount of water consumption were noticed in treatments 2 (22693 m3 ha-1) and 6 (15300 m3 ha-1), respectively. Narrower width of ridges in the single row treatments compared to the double row ones, along with considerable clay and silt contents of soil resulted in the collaps of ridges by the shear force of water flow during each irrigation practice.These effects were augmented by lack of sufficient soil organic matter content. Collaps of ridges not only impeded the rate of water advance, but also increased runoff and deep percolation and caused poor water distribution uniformity along the furrows. During those years, the highest root yield was obtained in treatment 5 for 45.85 t/ha. Also, the highest sugar yield was noticed in treatment 5 for 6.88 t ha-1 which was related to the high root yield in this treatment. Finally, variable row spacing treatments are recommended for their higher water use efficiencies in both root and sugar yield along with ease of irrigation management in these treatments.